Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Aqueous Artemisia argyi extract mitigates acute lung injury in association with coordinated alterations in gut microbiota, metabolic homeostasis, and pulmonary inflammatory gene expression

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1770675

Figure Lengend Snippet: AEAA pretreatment is associated with reduced pathological features of LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. (A) Experimental design of the LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) model. (B) Histopathological evaluation of lung tissues. Representative H&E-stained sections from different treatment groups at 20× and 40× magnification show alveolar wall thickening, inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, and edema in LPS-treated mice. AEAA treatment dose-dependently ameliorated these pathological alterations (red boxed areas). (C) Wet-to-dry (W/D) lung weight ratio. (D) Lung injury score. (E–G) Pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and BALF.IL-1β (E) , IL-6 (F) , and IL-10 (G) levels in serum and BALF. (H) TNF-α levels in serum and BALF. (I) Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 5 per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc tests. * P < 0.05 , ** P < 0.01 , *** P < 0.001 , **** P < 0.0001 .

Article Snippet: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for mouse IL-1β (Cat. #EK201B), IL-6 (Cat. #EK206), IL-10 (Cat. #EK210), TNF-α (Cat. #EK282), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Cat. #EK2133) were obtained from Multisciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China).

Techniques: Staining, Activity Assay

Journal: Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association

Article Title: The Roles of Ninjurin1 and Estrogen in Modulating Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate–Induced Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Male Mice

doi: 10.4143/crt.2024.959

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of E2 supplementation in male WT and Ninj1 KO mice in colitis symptoms. (A, B) DAI score during the experimental period (A) and at weeks 2 (B, left panel) and 3 (B, right panel). (C) Effect of E2 on AOM/DSS-mediated colon length shortening in male WT and Ninj1 KO mice at week 2. (D) Representative H&E staining images of colon tissues at week 2 (×100). The crypt within the colon tissues is normal in the WT and Ninj1 KO control mice. However, crypt loss and strong inflammatory cell infiltration within the colon tissues (red arrows) are observed in the male AOM/DSS-treated WT and Ninj1 KO mice. In the WT and Ninj1 KO groups, AOM/DSS-induced histologic damage is inhibited by E2 supplementation with only mild erosion (green arrows) visible. (E) The inhibitory effect of E2 on AOM/DSS-induced colonic epithelial damage is seen in male Ninj1 KO mice at a rate similar to that of male WT mice. (F-H) Determination of levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as MPO (F), IL-1β (G), and IL-6 (H) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at week 2. Data are expressed as the mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney U test for comparison difference between independent two groups was performed. *p < 0.05 for intergroup comparison for AOM/DSS vs. CON or AOM/DSS+E2 group. #p < 0.05 for WT vs. Ninj1 KO mice in CON, AOM/DSS, and AOM/DSS+E2 group. AOM, azoxymethane; CON, control; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; E2, 17β-estradiol; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; KO, knockout; MPO, myeloperoxidase; Ninj1 , Ninjurin1; ns, not significant; SEM, standard error of the mean; WT, wild-type.

Article Snippet: A mouse MPO ELISA kit (# HK210) was obtained from Hycult Biotechnology, while mouse IL-1β (# MLB00C) and IL-6 (# M6000B) ELISA kits were sourced from R&D Systems Inc.

Techniques: Staining, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Comparison, Knock-Out

Journal: Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association

Article Title: The Roles of Ninjurin1 and Estrogen in Modulating Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate–Induced Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Male Mice

doi: 10.4143/crt.2024.959

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of E2 administration in male WT and Ninj1 KO mice in the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in colonic tissues. (A) AOM/DSS-treated group samples are prepared from colon tumor tissue, and control samples are prepared from normal colon tissue to analyze mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNos, Cox-2, Il-1β , and Tnf-α by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis at week 13. (B-D) Determination of levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as MPO (B), IL-1β, (C) and IL-6 (D) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the tumor and non-tumor tissues of the colon at week 13. Data are expressed as the mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney U test for comparison difference between independent two groups was performed. *p < 0.05 for intergroup comparison for AOM/DSS versus CON or AOM/DSS+E2 group. #p < 0.05 for WT versus Ninj1 KO mice in CON, AOM/DSS, and AOM/DSS+E2 group. AOM, azoxymethane; Con, control; Cox-2, cyclooxygenase 2; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; E2, 17β-estradiol; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin 6, iNos , inducible nitric oxide synthase; KO, knockout; MPO, myeloperoxidase; Ninj1 , Ninjurin1; ns, not significant; SEM, standard error of the mean; Tnf-α , tumor necrosis factor-α; WT, wild-type.

Article Snippet: A mouse MPO ELISA kit (# HK210) was obtained from Hycult Biotechnology, while mouse IL-1β (# MLB00C) and IL-6 (# M6000B) ELISA kits were sourced from R&D Systems Inc.

Techniques: Control, Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Comparison, Knock-Out

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Neutrophils remain detrimentally active in hydroxyurea-treated patients with sickle cell disease

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226583

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Purified and rested neutrophils from healthy donors (H) and SCD patients in steady state (SS) were left untreated in RPMI as control or treated with 20 μM hemin. Median Fluorescence Intensity of F-Actin (upper panel) and CD63 (lower panel) in F-Actin/CD63 double positive neutrophils with normal multi-lobulated nuclei is shown. (Healthy N = 7; SCD N = 6). (B) Z-stack stills of SCD neutrophils left in RPMI for 30 minutes showing neutrophils with roughed cell membranes (yellow arrows, upper panel). Staining for DNA (blue), F-Actin (green) and CD63 (red) is presented (lower panel). (C) MPO release was assayed by ELISA following 30 minutes incubation with or without the hemin stimulus (H (Healthy) N = 4; SS (SCD) N = 4). Degranulation response was assayed in terms of MPO ng/ml plasma (upper panel), or fold increase over healthy neutrophils (lower panel). Data presented as dot plots±S.D., significance calculated with an unpaired Mann-Whitney test.

Article Snippet: The supernatants were then assayed with a Human Myeloperoxidase Quantikine ELISA Kit from R&D Systems according to the manufacturer’s instruction.

Techniques: Purification, Control, Fluorescence, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Incubation, Clinical Proteomics, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Theranostics

Article Title: Blockade of phosphotyrosine pathways suggesting SH2 superbinder as a novel therapy for pulmonary fibrosis

doi: 10.7150/thno.72269

Figure Lengend Snippet: SH2 superbinder exhibited excellent security by targeting lung fibroblasts based on pY levels in vivo. A , Schematic showing progression of SH2 superbinder treatment in control mice. B , Percent survival during last 7 days after SH2 superbinder injection (n = 8). C , HE staining after SH2 superbinder challenge. Images showing the panoramic and partial view of lungs. D , Neutrophil accumulation measured by MPO assay in lung tissues after GST, GST-SH2 WT, GST-SH2 TrM or SH2-TrM treatment in saline groups (n = 6). E , Total cell counting in BALF (n = 6). F-G , Changes in different kinds of cells by Giemsa and Diff-quick staining in BALF (n = 6). H , Inflammatory cytokines in BALF measured by ELISA (n = 6). I , The determination of liver function index in serum (n = 6). J , Schematic showing progression of SH2 superbinder treatment in BLM-treated mice. K , Western blot of GST tag of different tissues in BLM group treated with GST-SH2 TrM. L , The process of FACS for mice lungs. M , Western blot of pY levels in different lung cells which were isolated by FACS of BLM treated 14 days mice. N , The fluorescence images of SH2 superbinder entering into activated fibroblasts, epithelial cells (EpCAM + ), leukocytes (CD45 + ) and endothelial cells (CD31 + ). O-R , Representative images of SH2 superbinder in myofibroblast (α-SMA + ) ( O ), epithelial cells (EpCAM + ) ( P ), leukocytes (CD45 + ) ( Q ) and endothelial cells (CD31 + ) ( R ) of BLM-treated mice.

Article Snippet: The amounts of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in BALF of mice were measured by using mouse ELISA kits from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA).

Techniques: In Vivo, Control, Injection, Staining, MPO Assay, Saline, Cell Counting, Diff-Quik, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Isolation, Fluorescence

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 Dysregulates Neutrophil Degranulation and Reduces Lymphocyte Counts

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020382

Figure Lengend Snippet: SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu-3 cells secrete factors that diminish neutrophil MPO release. ( A ) Viral titer in the cells and supernates of SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu-3 48 h post infection; UV-irradiated Calu-3 supernates, referred to as Calu-3-conditioned media, were used to treat human neutrophils. ( B ) MPO levels in the treated neutrophils supernatant media determined through ELISA; ( C ) Percentage of neutrophil elastase-positive cells among total cells; ( D ) Representative images at 40× magnification of neutrophils stained for their nucleus (blue), cytoplasm (red), and neutrophil elastase (green); ( E ) Neutrophil elastase levels in the treated neutrophils supernatant media determined through ELISA. Data shown are mean ± SEM; n = 3 per group in each experiment per donor; experiments were repeated twice with two different donors; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test).

Article Snippet: Human MPO ELISA Kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and Human Neutrophil Elastase ELISA Kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were used according to manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Infection, Irradiation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 Dysregulates Neutrophil Degranulation and Reduces Lymphocyte Counts

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020382

Figure Lengend Snippet: Direct infection of neutrophils with SARS-CoV-2 promotes CD16 shedding without increasing MPO or elastase release. ( A ) Viral titer in the neutrophils 2 h post infection; ( B ) Percentage of CD16 cells among CD11b+ CD66b+ CD14− CD15+ population (left). Representative flow cytometry density plots of CD11b+ CD66b+ CD14− CD15+ CD16− cells in different treatment groups (right); Levels of MPO ( C ) and neutrophil elastase ( D ) in the supernatant media determined through ELISA. Data shown are mean ± SEM; n = 3 per group in each experiment per donor; experiments were repeated three times with three different donors; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test).

Article Snippet: Human MPO ELISA Kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and Human Neutrophil Elastase ELISA Kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were used according to manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Infection, Flow Cytometry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Didymin Suppresses Microglia Pyroptosis and Neuroinflammation Through the Asc/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway Following Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810582

Figure Lengend Snippet: Didymin ameliorated microglial pyroptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines after ICH. (A) Representative Western blot bands and densitometric quantification of Rkip, Asc, Nlrp3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD. n = 6 for each group. * p < 0.05 vs. sham; # p < 0.05 vs. ICH+vehicle. (B) IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO production were detected by ELISA assay kit. n = 6 for each group. * p < 0.05 vs. sham; # p < 0.05 vs. ICH+vehicle. (C) Caspase-1/TMEM119 double immunofluorescence staining and quantitative analysis of Caspase-1-positive microglia. Scale bar = 50 μm. n = 3 for each group. * p < 0.05 vs. sham; # p < 0.05 vs. ICH+vehicle.

Article Snippet: A Mouse DuoSet ELISA Kit to IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO was purchased from R&D Systems and performed as instructed by the manufacturer.

Techniques: Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Double Immunofluorescence Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Didymin Suppresses Microglia Pyroptosis and Neuroinflammation Through the Asc/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway Following Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810582

Figure Lengend Snippet: Locostatin abolished the neuroprotective effects of Didymin. (A–C) Neurological deficits, brain water content, and EB extravasation were tested at 24 h after ICH. (D, E) Representative Western blot bands and densitometric quantification of Asc, Nlrp3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD. n = 6 for each group. * p < 0.05 vs. sham; # p < 0.05 vs. ICH+vehicle. & p < 0.05 vs. ICH+Didymin. (F) IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO production was detected by ELISA assay kit. n = 6 for each group. * p < 0.05 vs.sham; # p < 0.05 vs. ICH+vehicle. & p < 0.05 vs. ICH+Didymin.

Article Snippet: A Mouse DuoSet ELISA Kit to IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO was purchased from R&D Systems and performed as instructed by the manufacturer.

Techniques: Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Didymin Suppresses Microglia Pyroptosis and Neuroinflammation Through the Asc/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway Following Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810582

Figure Lengend Snippet: VX-765 ameliorated microglial pyroptosis and brain injury after Locostatin-treated ICH. (A–D) Neurological deficits, brain water content, EB extravasation, and hematoma size were tested at 24 h after ICH. (E) Representative Western blot bands and densitometric quantification of Asc, Nlrp3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD. n = 6 for each group. * p < 0.05 vs. sham; # p < 0.05 vs. ICH+vehicle. (F) IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO production was tested by ELISA assay. n = 6 for each group. * p < 0.05 vs. sham; # p < 0.05 vs. ICH+vehicle. (G) GSDMD/TMEM119 double immunofluorescence staining and quantitative analysis of GSDMD-positive microglia. Scale bar = 50 μm. n = 3 for each group. * p < 0.05 vs. sham; # p < 0.05 vs. ICH+vehicle.

Article Snippet: A Mouse DuoSet ELISA Kit to IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO was purchased from R&D Systems and performed as instructed by the manufacturer.

Techniques: Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Double Immunofluorescence Staining

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Pterostilbene 4′- β -Glucoside Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1

doi: 10.1155/2018/2747018

Figure Lengend Snippet: 4-PG and PTER exhibit therapeutic effects in LPS- or P. aeruginosa -induced acute lung injury. (a–g) C57BL/6 mice were challenged with LPS (2.5 mg/kg) by intranasal exposure for 24 h. 4-PG (10 mg/kg per day, i.p.) and PTER (10 mg/kg per day, i.p.) were administered 5 h after LPS challenge. (b) Representative lung histology was shown by hematoxylin and eosin- (H&E-) stained lung sections from six experimental groups (left). Quantitative analysis of histologic lung section by lung injury score for six experimental groups. The score generates the average of two independent investigators (right). (c and d) BAL fluid and lung tissues were harvested after treatment with LPS for 24 h and then (c) analyzed for total cells in BAL fluid. (d) Neutrophil infiltration into lung tissues was measured by activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in lung tissues. (e and f) The secreted levels of TNF- α and IL-6 in BAL fluid were analyzed by ELISA, respectively. (g) The mRNA levels of TNF- α , IL-6, IL-1 β , CXCL1, and CXCL2 in lung tissues were detected by RT-PCR. (h–m) C57BL/6 mice were instilled P. aeruginosa (1 × 10 7 CFU/mouse) by intranasal exposure for 24 h. After instillation of P. aeruginosa , mice were post-treated with 4-PG (10 mg/kg, i.p.) at 6, 12, and 18 h, respectively. After 24 h, BAL fluid and lung tissues were collected and then (i) analyzed for total cells in BAL fluid. (j) Neutrophil infiltration into lung tissues was analyzed by MPO in lung tissues. (k and l) The levels of TNF- α and IL-6 in BAL fluid were analyzed by ELISA, respectively. (m) The wet-to-dry weight ratio of whole lungs was determined on 24 h after the stimulation of P. aeruginosa . Data were expressed as means ± SD, n = 3. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: To measure neutrophil infiltration into lung tissues, MPO enzyme activity in lung tissues was measured using the Mouse Myeloperoxidase DuoSet kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Staining, Activity Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Mediators of Inflammation

Article Title: Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein Downregulates Fractalkine through Activation of p38 MAPK and NF- κ B

doi: 10.1155/2017/9734837

Figure Lengend Snippet: SB203580 and SC-514 ameliorated LPS-induced lung injury and inflammation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to determine the LPS-induced lung injury and inflammatory response in the lung tissue of the ARDS rat model. (a) The control group rats (A) had a distinct framework with complete alveolar walls and interstitium without exfiltration. The LPS group rats (B) showed edema, neutrophil infiltration, hemorrhage, moderate bronchiole epithelial desquamation, and minimal hyaline membrane formation. Histotological analysis also show that rats receiving LBPK95A, SB203508, or SC514 injection had substantially less inflammatory cell infiltration, edema, hemorrhage, and thickness of alveolar walls in comparison to rats treated with LPS ((C), (D), and (E), resp.). The photomicrographs are at 400x magnification. ((b) and (c)) The total number of cells, neutrophil number, and neutrophil ratio in BALF were higher in the LPS group than that in the control group and lower in the LPS+LBPK95A, LPS+SB, and LPS+SC groups than that in the LPS group ( p < 0.05, n = 10, in all cases). The MPO of lung tissues and BALF was determined by ELISA. The results show that the level of MPO concentration in the LPS group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( p < 0.05). (d) However, the MPO concentration level in the LPS+LBPK95A, LPS+SB, and LPS+SC groups was significantly lower than that in the LPS group ( p < 0.05 in all cases). (e) The LPS group had a significantly higher W/D ratio than the control group, and the W/D ratio in the LPS+LBPK95A, LPS+SB, and LPS+SC groups were significantly lower than that in the LPS group ( p < 0.05 in all cases). The LPS group had a lower PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio than the control group. (f) The LPS+LBPK95A, LPS+SB, and LPS+SC groups had higher PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratios than the LPS group ( p < 0.05 in all cases). ∗ represents p < 0.05 when compared with that in the CTL group of rats; # represents p < 0.05 when compared with that in the LPS group of rats; △ represents p < 0.05 when compared with that in the LPS+LBPK95A group of rats ( n = 10).

Article Snippet: The levels of myeloperoxidase activity were measured by the rat MPO ELISA kit (HK105-01, Hycult Biotech, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Staining, Injection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Clinical and Translational Medicine

Article Title: Novel bispecific nanobody mitigates experimental intestinal inflammation in mice by targeting TNF‐α and IL‐23p19 bioactivities

doi: 10.1002/ctm2.1636

Figure Lengend Snippet: Amelioration of inflammatory symptoms in DSS‐induced colitis mice by antibody treatment. (A) Experimental protocol illustrating the induction of DSS‐induced colitis in mice. Mice ( n = 5) were administered DSS (3%) in their drinking water for 7 days, followed by treatment with antibodies (BsNb, BsNb‐Fc, IFX, VHH#2 and VHH#37) at a dose of 5 mg kg −1 body weight for 7 days. (B) Body weight variation curves depicting the changes in body weight of mice treated with antibodies compared to the controls. (C) Disease activity index (DAI) scores of the different treatment groups over time, reflecting the severity of colitis. (D) Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in different treatment group, with MPO levels in the control group considered as the reference unit. (E and F) Evaluation of colon length and spleen weight in mice subjected to DSS and antibody treatment on day 15. Representative images and measurements of colon and spleen length and morphology were shown. (G) Representative histological images of colon tissues stained with H&E, with corresponding calculation of pathological score to assess colonic tissue damage. Scale bars, 50 µm. (H, I and J) Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and quantitation of CD4 + , F4/80 + and MPO + in the proximal colon of controls, DSS‐treated, BsNb‐Fc and IFX‐treated mice. Scale bars, 50 µm. (K) Measurement of cytokine expression levels in sera of controls, DSS‐treated, BsNb‐Fc and IFX‐treated mice using ELISA. All data represented as mean ± SEMs; * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001; **** p < .0001.

Article Snippet: MPO activity was measured using an MPO activity assay kit (E‐BC‐F013, Elabscience).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Control, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry, Quantitation Assay, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Clinical and Translational Medicine

Article Title: Novel bispecific nanobody mitigates experimental intestinal inflammation in mice by targeting TNF‐α and IL‐23p19 bioactivities

doi: 10.1002/ctm2.1636

Figure Lengend Snippet: BsNb‐Fc demonstrates superior efficacy compared to IFX, UST and IFX&UST combination in a TNBS‐induced mouse colitis model. (A) Experimental protocol for TNBS‐induced colitis in mice. Mice ( n = 5) were sensitized with TNBS (1%) on the abdominal skin for 7 days, followed by intrarectal administration of 2.5% TNBS. Subsequently, the mice were treated with the following antibodies: BsNb‐Fc (5 mg/kg), IFX (2.5 mg/kg) &UST (.25 mg/kg), IFX (5 mg/kg), UST (.5 mg/kg) and isotype antibody for 7 days. (B) Body weight variation of antibodies‐treated mice compared to controls. (C) MPO activity of different treatment groups using an MPO activity assay kit. (D) Assessment of colonic morphology and length in mice treated with TNBS and antibodies. (E) Representative histological images of colon tissues stained with H&E, and calculation of the pathological score of colonic tissues. Scale bars, 50 µm. (F) Measurement of cytokine expression levels in colon tissues using ELISA. All data represented as mean ± SEMs. Statistical significance: * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001; **** p < .0001.

Article Snippet: MPO activity was measured using an MPO activity assay kit (E‐BC‐F013, Elabscience).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Staining, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay